ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3c.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd"> <!-- saved from url=(0052)http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/EarthManifesto.html --> <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>0=8D5AB 5<;8</TITLE> <META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"><!-- Ethics derived from Earth function--> <META content="A Manifesto for Earth" name=description> <META content="earth manifesto,earth ethics,ethics,mosquin,rowe" name=keywords> <META content="MSHTML 6.00.2900.2802" name=GENERATOR></HEAD> <BODY bgColor=#ccffff background="bg-bluetexture.jpg"> <CENTER> <TABLE cellPadding=35 width="90%" bgColor=#ffffff border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD align=left> <P><A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/index.html"><IMG height=92 hspace=20 src="banner-articles.jpg" width=80 align=left vspace=10 border=0></A></P><BR><BR><BR> <P align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=+3><STRONG>0=8D5AB 5<;8</STRONG></FONT></FONT></P><BR> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR> <TD width=248>&nbsp;</TD> <TD width=248>&nbsp;</TD> <TD align=middle width=79><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>2B>@K</EM></FONT></TD> <TD width=225>&nbsp;</TD> <TD width=225>&nbsp;</TD></TR> <TR> <TD width=248>&nbsp;</TD> <TD width=248><FONT face="Times New Roman">"M4 >A:28=<EM><A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/aboutauthors.html#mosquin" target=_blank> (Ted Mosquin)</A>, P.O. Box 279,</EM><BR><EM>Lanark, Ontario K0G 1K0 Canada</EM> <BR><EM>Email: &lt;<A href="mailto:mosquin@superaje.com">mosquin@superaje.com</A>&gt;</EM></FONT></TD> <TD align=middle width=79><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>8</EM></FONT></TD> <TD width=225><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>!BM= >C<A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/aboutauthors.html#rowe" target=_blank> ( J. Stan Rowe)</A><BR>(June 11, 1918 to April 6, 2004)</EM> <BR><BR></FONT></TD> <TD width=225>&nbsp;</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR> <HR SIZE=2> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">0=8D5AB 5<;8 1K; @0=55 >?C1;8:>20= 2 6C@=0;5 <EM>'Biodiversity' </EM>B. 5 , !. 1, AB@. 3- 9, O=2/<0@B, 2004 3. C@=0; ?@8=04;568B 1;03>B2>@8B5;L=>9 >@30=870F88 The Tropical Conservancy, @0A?>;>65==>9 ?> 04@5AC: 94 Four Seasons Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K2E 7S1. #A;>28O ?>4?8A:8 8 @0=55 2KH54H85 =><5@0 <>6=> =09B8 =0 A09B5 : &lt;<A href="http://www.tc-bioidiversity.org/">http://www.tc-bioidiversity.org/</A>&gt; 345 2 1;8609H55 2@5<O ?>O28BAO M;5:B@>==0O 25@A8O 0=8D5AB0. Pdf-D09; 0=8D5AB0 (A 3@0D8:>9) <>6=> 703@C78BL A A09B0 <A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/EarthManifesto.pdf">www.ecospherics.net/pages/EarthManifesto.pdf</A> <BR></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <HR SIZE=2> <FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@50<1C;0</STRONG> <BR><BR></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">-:A?5@8<5=B ?> 8<5=8 «G5;>25G5AB2>», 4;8=>9 10 000 ;5B, 4>AB83 A2>59 :C;L<8=0F88 2 3;>10;870F88 ?>B@51;5=8O @5AC@A>2 8 ?>4E>48B : ?;0G52=><C :>=FC. ;02=>9 ?@8G8=>9 MB>3> <>6=> AG8B0BL ;>6=CN 845N G5;>25:0 2 ?@52>AE>4AB25 =04 2A5<8 >AB0;L=K<8 18>;>38G5A:8<8 2840<8. K >H81>G=> ?@8=O;8 MBC 5<;N, 55 M:>A8AB5<K 8 <8@804K >@30=8G5A:8E/=5>@30=8G5A:8E G0AB59 70 «?>AB02I8:>2 CA;C3», F5==>ABL :>B>@KE >?@545;O5BAO ;8HL =0H8<8 65;0=8O<8 8 ?>B@51=>ABO<8. 5>1E>48<> A@>G=> 87<5=8BL =0H8 273;O4K 8 ?>4E>4K. !CI5AB2CNB BKAOG8 A>25B>2 :0: =0;048BL =0H8 >B=>H5=8O A 5<;59, <K 65 C:07K205< =0 A0<CN ACI5AB25==CN ?5@5<5=C  ?5@5<5=C 2 <8@>2>77@5=88. ">;L:> 87<5=82 53> <>6=> >15A?5G8BL CA?5E 2A5E >AB0;L=KE ?>4E>4>2. -B> =>2>5 <8@>2>77@5=85 78645BAO =0 ?>=8<0=88 @>;8 ?;0=5B0@=>9 -:>AD5@K. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>0H8 C15645=8O</STRONG> </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">064K9 G5;>25: 8I5B A<KA;0 2 687=8, C15645=89, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 1KBL @07=K<8 C ;N459. =>385 8ICB 25@C, 83=>@8@CNICN 8;8 >B@8F0NICN 206=>ABL MB>3> <8@0; >=8 =5 ?@54AB02;ONB A515, =0A:>;L:> 3;C1>:0 A2O7L A ?>@>482H59 8 ?>445@6820NI59 =0A 5<;59.  A>2@5<5==>9 8=4CAB@80;L=>9 :C;LBC@5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 5<;5 :0: > @>4=>< 4><5, : A>60;5=8N, =5 AB0;> A0<>>G5284=K<. 8HL >G5=L =5<=>385 704C<K20NBAO > GC45A=>9 <0B@8F5, 87 :>B>@>9 <K 2KH;8 8 2 :>B>@CN, 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2, 2A5 2>72@0B8<AO. K94O 87 5<;8, ;N48 5I5 ?;>E> ?>=8<0NB 2AN 30@<>=8N ACH8, <>@59, =515A 8 A<KA; ACI5AB2>20=8O 15AG8A;5==KE ?@5:@0A=KE >@30=87<>2, =0A5;ONI8E MB>B <8@.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">K C25@5=K, GB> ?>:0 -:>AD5@0 =5 1C45B @0AA<0B@820BLAO :0: 548=AB25==0O <U>>1I0O >A=>20</U> ;N1>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, ;N48 1C4CB ?@>4>;60BL @C:>2>4AB2>20BLAO ?@5645 2A53> A2>8<8 ;8G=K<8 8=B5@5A0<8. 57 M:>F5=B@8G5A:>9 ?5@A?5:B82K A C?>@>< =0 F5==>AB8 8 F5;8, ?@52KH0NI85 B0:>2K5 4;O =0H53> 18>;>38G5A:>3> 2840, @07@5H5=85 ?>;8B8G5A:8E, M:>=><8G5A:8E 8 @5;838>7=KE :>=D;8:B>2 =52>7<>6=>. > B5E ?>@, ?>:0 <K =5 @0AH8@8< A2>5 C7:>5 2845=85 G5;>25G5A:>3> A>>1I5AB20 =0 M:>A8AB5<K 5<;8,  ?@5645 2A53> =0 <5AB=K5 M:>A8AB5<K, 345 <K >18B05<,  ?@>3@0<<K >74>@>2;5=8O ?;0=5BK 8 =0E>645=85 CAB>9G82>3> >1@070 687=8 1C4CB =5455A?>A>1=K<8.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">A:@5==55 4>25@85 : -:>AD5@5, MAB5B8G5A:>5 @0AB2>@5=85 2 >:@C60NI59 =0A ?@8@>45, GC2AB2> 2>AE8I5=8O ?5@54 82>9 5<;59 8 55 70304>G=>9 30@<>=859, 5I5 40;5:> =5 2>AB@51>20=K G5;>25G5AB2><. >7@>482H8AL, =0H5 ;N1>2=>5 >B=>H5=85 : ?@8@>45 A=>20 ?@845B : B5<, :B> 6825B 2 8=4CAB@80;L=>< <8@5. 06=K5 M:>;>38G5A:85 F5;8, AB5@BK5 F828;870F859 8 C@10=870F859, ?>O2OBAO 2=>2L. ;02=0O F5;L  2>7@>48BL :@0A>BC 8 @07=>>1@0785 5<;8, ?@52@0B8BL =0H @0AB>G8B5;L=K9 284 2 >B25BAB25==>3>, MB8G5A:>3> G;5=0 M:>A8AB5<K, A?>A>1=>3> : A>B@C4=8G5AB2C. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <TABLE width="100%" border=1> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=top> <TD> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG><U>+  &+ </U></STRONG></FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 1. -:>AD5@0  3;02=0O F5==>ABL 4;O G5;>25G5AB20.</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 2. "2>@G5AB2> 8 ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL M:>A8AB5< 5<;8 7028AOB >B 8E ?>;=>BK. </FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 3. -:>F5=B@8G5A:>5 <8@>2>77@5=85 ?>445@68205BAO 5AB5AB2>7=0=85<.</FONT> <BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 4. -:>F5=B@8G5A:0O MB8:0 78645BAO =0 ?>=8<0=88 =0H53> <5AB0 2 @8@>45. </FONT> <BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 5. ;O M:>F5=B@8G5A:>3> <8@>2>77@5=8O 3;02=>9 F5==>ABLN O2;O5BAO @07=>>1@0785 M:>A8AB5< 8 :C;LBC@. </FONT> <BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 6. -:>F5=B@8G5A:0O MB8:0 ?>445@68205B A>F80;L=CN A?@0254;82>ABL.</FONT></P> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><U><STRONG> &+ !" </STRONG></U></FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 7. 0I8I0BL 8 15@5GL B2>@G5A:89 ?>B5=F80; 5<;8.</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 8. !>459AB2>20BL @07C<=><C C<5=LH5=8N =0A5;5=8O 5<;8. </FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 9. #<5=LH0BL ?>B@51;5=85 @5AC@A>2 5<;8. </FONT> <BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 10. !>459AB2>20BL CAB0=>2;5=8N M:>F5=B@8G5A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20. </FONT> <BR><FONT face="Times New Roman">@8=F8? 11. 0A?@>AB@0=OBL MB> ?>A;0=85.</FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <TABLE width="100%" border=1> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=top> <TD><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>0G5< =C65= MB>B 0=8D5AB? </STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"> MB>< 0=8D5AB5 5<;O ?@>2>73;0H05BAO :0: =082KAH0O F5==>ABL. 3> B>G=>5 >?@545;5=85 -- «M:>F5=B@8G5A:89», B.5. <K ?>;0305<, GB> 25AL M:>;>38G5A:89 4><-5<;O =0E>48BAO 2 F5=B@5 687=8, 2 >B;8G85 >B >?@545;5=8O «18>F5=B@8G5A:89»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face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">0 ?@>BO65=88 ?>A;54=53> AB>;5B8O 7=0G8B5;L=K5 H038 ?@54?@8=8<0;8AL A> AB>@>=K =0CG=KE, D8;>A>DA:8E 8 @5;838>7=KE :@C3>2 2 =0?@02;5=88 ?>7=0=8O ?@8@>4K. K ?@825BAB2C5< CA8;8O B5E, :B>, 8A?KBK20O 15A?>:>9AB2> ?> ?>2>4C 2A5 1>;55 CEC4H0NI53>AO A>AB>O=8O 5<;8, >1@0B8;AO : 2=5H=5<C <8@C 8 ?@87=05B F5==>ABL 75<;8, >:50=0, 682>B=KE, @0AB5=89 8 4@C38E ACI5AB2.  B5< =5 <5=55, ?@8 >BACBAB288 >1I59 M:>F5=B@8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D88 1>;LH0O G0ABL MB8E CA8;89 @0AA58205BAO ?> A>B=O< @07;8G=KE =0?@02;5=89. =8 =59B@0;87CNBAO 8 AB0=>2OBAO =5MDD5:B82=K<8 87-70 >4=>3> 548=AB25==>3>, 3;C1>:> C:>@5=82H53>AO C15645=8O: 3;02=CN F5==>ABL 8<55B <EM>Homo sapiens</EM> 0 F5==>ABL 2A5E ?@>G8E >@30=87<>2 >?@545;O5BAO 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B 8E ?>;L7K 4;O G5;>25:0.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">>7=8:H5<C A@02=8B5;L=> =5402=> ?>=8<0=8N B>3>, GB> 5<;O, 8;8 -:>AD5@0, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >1J5:B =082KAH59 F5==>AB8, <K >1O70=K :>A<>;>38G5A:8<8 8AA;54>20=8O<8, B5>@88 58, D>B>3@0D8O< 5<;8 87 :>A<>A0, 8, 2 >A>15==>AB8, M:>;>38G5A:><C <KH;5=8N. ;02=0O M:>;>38G5A:0O @50;L=>ABL A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> >:>;> 25 <8;;8>=>2 18>;>38G5A:8E 284>2  2A5 5<;O=5. 8 >48= 284 =5 <>65B ACI5AB2>20BL 157 ?;0=5BK 5<;O. "09=0 8 70304:0 ?> 8<5=8 «687=L» =5>B45;8<0 >B 8AB>@88 M2>;NF88 5<;8, 55 A>AB020 8 2A5E 55 ?@>F5AA>2. >MB><C MB8G5A:89 ?@8>@8B5B 4>;65= 2KE>48BL 70 ?@545;K G5;>25G5AB20 8 >E20BK20BL =0H 2A5>1J5<;NI89 4>< -- 5<;N. 0==K9 0=8D5AB, ?> =0H5<C <=5=8N, ?>:07K205B 2 :0:>< =0?@02;5=88 =04> 42830BLAO 4;O 4>AB865=8O 10;0=A0 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C 5<;59 8 G5;>25:><. <STRONG></STRONG></FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>+  &+<U></U></STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 1. -:>AD5@0  3;02=0O F5==>ABL 4;O G5;>25G5AB20.</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">-:>AD5@0 -- 8AB>G=8: M2>;NF8>==>3> B2>@G5AB20. 7 ?;0=5B=KE >@30=8G5A:8E/=5>@30=8G5A:8E M:>A8AB5< 2>7=8:;8 >@30=87<K -- ?5@2K5 10:B5@80;L=K5 :;5B:8, 0 A> 2@5<5=5< 8 A;>6=K5 :>=D545@0F88 :;5B>:, B.5. G5;>25G5A:85 ACI5AB20. !;54>20B5;L=>, <>6=> AG8B0BL, GB> 48=0<8G5A:85 M:>A8AB5<K, A;>6=K< >1@07>< ?@54AB02;5==K5 2> 2A5E G0ABOE -:>AD5@K, ?@52>AE>4OB ?> A2>5<C 7=0G5=8N 8 206=>AB8 2E>4OI85 2 =8E 18>;>38G5A:85 284K. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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«?>445@6:8», GB> 8 4>;6=> AB0BL ?CB52>4=K< ?@8=F8?>< 4;O G5;>25G5AB20.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">K, ;N48, O2;O5<AO A>7=0B5;L=K< ?@>O2;5=85< 35=5@0B82=KE A8; -:>AD5@K, =0H0 8=48284C0;L=0O «687=5A?>A>1=>ABL» =5>B45;8<0 >B A>;=5G=>3> B5?;0, 2>74CE0, 2>4K, 75<;8 8 ?8I8, :>B>@CN =0< ?>AB02;ONB 4@C385 >@30=87<K. 0: 8 2A5 4@C385 682K5 ACI5AB20, @>645==K5 >B 5<;8, <K 4>;3> «=0AB@0820;8AL» 2 ?@>F5AA5 M2>;NF88 =0 55 @8B<K, =0 2@5<5=0 3>40. /7K:, <KA;L, 8=BC8F8O  ?@O<> 8;8 :>A25==> A2O70=K A =0H8< D878G5A:8< ACI5AB2>20=85< =0 5<;5. @><5 A>7=0=8O, ?@8>1@5B5==>3> 2 @57C;LB0B5 M2>;NF88, :064K9 G5;>25: >1;0405B ?@8@>4=K< 8=B5;;5:B><, 8;8 ?@8ACI59 B5;C 2=CB@5==59 <C4@>ABLN, :>B>@0O 15AA>7=0B5;L=> ?@8A?>A01;8205B 53> : =075<=K< M:>A8AB5<0<. >=8<0=85 B>3>, GB> ;N48 -- MB> ?@5645 2A53> 75<=K5 ACI5AB20, A?>A>1AB2C5B A<5I5=8N 3;02=>9 F5==>AB8 >B <EM>Homo sapiens </EM>: ?;0=5B5 5<;O.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 2. "2>@G5AB2> 8 ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL M:>A8AB5< 5<;8 7028AOB >B 8E ?>;=>BK.</STRONG> </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">;O >15A?5G5=8O M2>;NF8>==>3> B2>@G5AB20 8 2KA>:>3> C@>2=O ?;>4>@>4=>AB8 @538>=0;L=KE M:>A8AB5< =5>1E>48<> ?>445@6820BL 8E :;NG52K5 AB@C:BC@K 8 2A5 M:>;>38G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK. "0:0O 2=CB@5==OO ?>;=>B0 7028A8B >B A>E@0=5=8O A>>1I5AB2 >@30=87<>2 A> 2A5<8 8E 15AG8A;5==K<8 D>@<0<8 :>>?5@0F88 8 2708<>7028A8<>AB8. >;=>B0 7028A8B 8 >B F5;>AB=>AB8 A;>6=KE ?8I52KE F5?59 8 M=5@35B8G5A:8E ?>B>:>2, >B A>AB>O=8O ?>G2K 8 F8:;8G5A:>3> 2>A?@>872>4AB20 ?8B0B5;L=KE 25I5AB2, B0:8E :0: 07>B, :0;89, D>AD>@. 0;55, 4;O 74>@>2LO ?@8@>4=KE ?@>F5AA>2 8 DC=:F89 4>;65= A>E@0=OBAO ?@8@>4=K9 A>AB02 2>74CE0, >A04>G=KE ?>@>4 8 2>4K. 03@O7=5=85 MB8E B@5E A@54, 2<5AB5 A 15A?>I04=>9 M:A?;C0B0F859 =5>@30=8G5A:8E 8 >@30=8G5A:8E A>548=5=89, >A;01;O5B ?>;=>BC M:>A8AB5< 8 =>@<0;L=>5 DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 -:>AD5@K  8AB>G=8:0 2A5E D>@< 687=8.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 3. -:>F5=B@8G5A:>5 <8@>2>77@5=85 ?>445@68205BAO 5AB5AB2>7=0=85<. </STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">AB5AB2>7=0=85  MB> 8AB>@8O @0728B8O 5<;8. >A<>;>38 8 35>;>38 @0AA:07K20NB > 70@>645=88 5<;8, :>B>@>5 ?@>87>H;> 4 <8;;80@40 ;5B B><C =0704, > ?>O2;5=88 <0;5=L:8E <>@A:8E ACI5AB2 2 @0==8E >B;>65=8OE, > 682>B=KE, 2KH54H8E 87 <>@O, > 5:5 8=>702@>2, >1 M2>;NF88 2708<=>3> 2;8O=8O =0A5:><KE, F25BCI8E @0AB5=89 8 <;5:>?8B0NI8E, 8, =0:>=5F, > =5402=5< 35>;>38G5A:>< ?5@8>45 ?@8<0B>2 8 G5;>25:0. # =0A >1I89 35=5B8G5A:89 <0B5@80; 8 >1I55 ?@>H;>5 A> 2A5<8 ACI5AB20<8, :>340-;81> =0A5;O2H8<8 5<;N. "0:0O 2>;=CNI0O ?>25ABL AB028B G5;>25G5AB2> 2 =5>1E>48<K9 :>=B5:AB. AB>@8O 5<;8 =0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2 ?>:07K205B, GB> M2>;NF8O G5;>25:0 H;0 2<5AB5 A <8@8040<8 4@C38E >@30=87<>2 8 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO CABC?G82>ABLN =0@02=5 A A>?5@=8G5AB2><. $0:BK =0H53> A>ACI5AB2>20=8O C:07K20NB =0 206=CN @>;L 2708<=>AB8, :>>?5@0F88 8 A8<18>70 2 3@0=48>7=>9 A8<D>=88 87=8. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 4. -:>F5=B@8G5A:0O MB8:0 78645BAO =0 ?>=8<0=88 =0H53> <5AB0 2 @8@>45.</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">-B8:0 >B=>A8BAO : B5< 15A:>@KAB=K< ?>78F8O< 8 459AB28O<, :>B>@K5 2K?;K20NB 87 3;C18==KE F5==>AB59; B> 5ABL, 87 ?>=8<0=8O B>3>, GB> 5ABL DC=40<5=B0;L=> 206=K<. ;C1>:0O >F5=:0 206=>AB8 5<;8 ?>4A:07K205B =0<, :0: <K 4>;6=K : =59 >B=>A8BAO. @5:;>=5=85 ?5@54 ?@8@>4>9 ?@8E>48B : =0< A 45BAB20, :>340 <K A;8205<AO A =59, 8 40;55 C:@5?;O5BAO 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5, :>340 :>=:@5B=K9 ;0=4H0DB, @5G:0, @0AB5=8O 8;8 682>B=K5 AB0=>2OBAO B0:8<8 65 7=0:><K<8, :0: 8 A>A548. -:>;>38G5A:>5 <8@>2>77@5=85 8 MB8:0, 2KB5:0NI85 87 3;02=KE F5==>AB59 -:>AD5@K, ?>;CG0NB A2>N A8;C 3;02=K< >1@07>< 1;03>40@O >B:@KB>AB8 5AB5AB25==>9 8 A5;LA:>9 (0 =5 3>@>4A:>9) A@54K. 0H5 A>7=0=85 ?>4A:07K205B =0<, GB> MB>B <8@ 70?>;=5= GC45A0<8, 8 GB> =0< =5>1E>48<> 2>AAB0=>28BL 8 A15@5GL 53> 4@52=NN :@0A>BC 8 ?@>H54H85 ?@>25@:C 2@5<5=5< ?@8@>4=K5 <5E0=87<K.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">;0=5B0 5<;O 8 55 @07=>>1@07=K5 M:>A8AB5<K, 2:;NG0NI85 0B<>AD5@C, 384@>AD5@C 8 >@30=87<K, >:@C60NB 8 ?8B0NB :064>3> G5;>25:0 8 :064>5 A>>1I5AB2> 2 F8:;8G5A:8 ?>2B>@ONI5<AO :@C35 687=8 8 A<5@B8. A>7=0=85 A51O :0: M:>;>38G5A:>3> ACI5AB20, 4;O :>B>@>3> =5>1E>48<K 2>40 8 4@C385 >@30=87<K, :0: 682>B=>3>, :>B>@><C =5>1E>48< 2>74CE 8 A>;=5G=>5 B5?;>, 2K7K205B GC2AB2> 548=AB20 A @8@>4>9 8 ?@5:;>=5=85 ?5@54 55 1>30BAB2>< 8 687=5==>9 A8;>9. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 5. ;O M:>F5=B@8G5A:>3> <8@>2>77@5=8O 3;02=>9 F5==>ABLN O2;O5BAO @07=>>1@0785 M:>A8AB5< 8 :C;LBC@. </STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">0640O G5;>25G5A:0O :C;LBC@0 2 ?@>H;>< @07@010BK20;0 A2>9 C=8:0;L=K9 O7K:, :>@=8 :>B>@>3> MAB5B8G5A:8 8 MB8G5A:8 CE>48;8 2 87>1@065=8O, 72C:8, 70?0E8, 2:CAK 8 >ICI5=8O B>9 G0AB8 5<;8, =0 :>B>@>< >=0 70:@5?;O;0AL. "0:>5 :C;LBC@=>5 @07=>>1@0785 ?@54AB02;O;> A>1>9 >A=>2C 4;O CAB>9G82>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O 687=8 2 @07=KE C3>;:0E 5<;8. !53>4=O M:>;>38G5A:89 O7K: 01>@835==KE =0@>4>2 8 8E :C;LBC@=>5 @07=>>1@0785 =0E>4OBAO 2 B0:>9 65 >?0A=>AB8, :0: 8 18>;>38G5A:85 284K B@>?8G5A:>3> ;5A0 8 ?> B5< 65 ?@8G8=0<: <8@ 2A5 1>;55 CA@54=O5BAO, M:>A8AB5<K C?@>I0NBAO, 18>@07=>>1@0785 C<5=LH05BAO 8;8 2>>1I5 8AG5705B. -:>F5=B@8G5A:0O MB8:0 1@>A05B 2K7>2 A53>4=OH=59 M:>=><8G5A:>9 3;>10;870F88, :>B>@0O 83=>@8@C5B M:>;>38G5A:CN <C4@>ABL <=>38E :C;LBC@ 8 @07@CH05B 8E @048 :@0B:>2@5<5==>9 2K3>4K. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 6. -:>F5=B@8G5A:0O MB8:0 ?>445@68205B A>F80;L=CN A?@0254;82>ABL. </STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">!CI5AB2CNI0O 2 G5;>25G5A:>< >1I5AB25 =5A?@0254;82>ABL 2 1>;LH>9 AB5?5=8 2K720=0 A>F80;L=K< =5@025=AB2><. > MBC =5A?@0254;82>ABL ;N48 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 ?5@5=5A;8 =0 75<=K5 M:>A8AB5<K 8 18>;>38G5A:85 284K.  M:>F5=B@87<5 ?>=OB85 A>>1I5AB20 @0AH8@O5BAO =0 ?@8@>4=K5 A>>1I5AB20 8 ?>4G5@:8205BAO 206=>ABL 2708<>459AB2CNI8E :><?>=5=B 5<;8, 2:;NG0O 8 <=>385 <0;>8725AB=K5 4> A8E ?>@ 8E DC=:F88. "0:8< >1@07><, CAB0=02;8205BAO 2=CB@5==OO F5==>ABL 2A5E G0AB59 M:>A8AB5<K, >@30=8G5A:8E 8 =5>@30=8G5A:8E, 157 70?@5B0 =0 8E >AB>@>6=>5 8A?>;L7>20=85. " 07=>>1@0785 8 @025=AB2>» -- MB> AB0=40@B, 8;8 M:>;>38G5A:89 70:>=, 2KB5:0NI89 87 DC=:F89 @8@>4K 8 >15A?5G820NI89 MB8G5A:>5 @C:>2>4AB2> 4;O G5;>25G5A:>3> >1I5AB20.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">!>F80;L=K5 M:>;>38 A?@0254;82> :@8B8:CNB 85@0@E8G5A:85 >@30=870F88 B5E :C;LBC@, 345 CI5<;ONBAO ?@020 =570I8I5==KE A;>52 =0A5;5=8O, 2 >A>15==>AB8, 65=I8= 8 45B59. E B578A 2 >B=>H5=88 B>3>, GB> ?@>42865=85 : CAB>9G82><C M:>;>38G5A:><C A>>1I5AB2C =0 5<;5 =5@50;L=>, ?>:0 =5 1C4CB A=OBK :C;LBC@=K5 10@L5@K 87-70 A>F80;L=>9 =5A?@0254;82>AB8 8 35=45@=>5 =5@025=AB2>, 2 F5;>< 25@5=. 4=0:> A>F80;L=K5 M:>;>38 =5 70<5G0NB 1KAB@>9 453@040F88 M:>A8AB5<, GB> 2545B : @>ABC :>=D;8:B>2 2 G5;>25G5A:>< >1I5AB25 8 ?@5?OBAB2C5B =0E>645=8N @5H5=89 4;O ?>AB@>5=8O CAB>9G82>3> A>>1I5AB20 8 CAB@0=5=8O 154=>AB8. @>1;5<K A>F80;L=>9 A?@0254;82>AB8, =5A<>B@O =0 8E 206=>ABL, =5 <>3CB 1KBL @07@5H5=K, ?>:0 =5 ?@5:@0B8BAO C=8GB>65=85 M:>A8AB5< 8 =5 1C45B ?>;>65= :>=5F 0=B@>?>F5=B@87<C. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG> &+ !"/</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 7. 0I8I0BL 8 15@5GL B2>@G5A:89 ?>B5=F80; 5<;8. </STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">@5645 2A53> A8;0 -:>AD5@K 2K@0605BAO 2 381:>AB8 55 35>3@0D8G5A:8E M:>A8AB5<. >MB><C ?5@2>9 7040G59 M:>F5=B@8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D88 O2;O5BAO A>E@0=5=85 8 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 ?@8@>4=KE M:>A8AB5< 8 8E 18>;>38G5A:8E 284>2. @5?OBAB2CO AB>;:=>25=8N A :><5B0<8 8 0AB5@>840<8, 1;03>40@O A2>59 1573@0=8G=>9 87>1@5B0B5;L=>AB8, 5<;O 1C45B ?@>4>;60BL ACI5AB2>20BL 5I5 <8;;8>=K ;5B, 5A;8 ;N48 =5 @07@CH0B 55 M:>A8AB5<K, =5 C=8GB>60B 55 >18B0B5;59, 8 =5 >B@02OB 55 ?>G2C, 2>4C 8 2>74CE. 04 >@30=8G5A:>9 ?0CB8=>9 687=8 =028A;0 B5<=0O BCG0 2K<8@0=8O; ?>4 C3@>7>9 =0E>48BAO =5 B>;L:> :@0A>B0 ACI5AB2CNI8E M:>A8AB5<, => 8 ?>O2;5=85 1C4CI8E C=8:0;L=KE M:>A8AB5< 8 >@30=87<>2, ?> A2>59 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 8 8=B5;;5:BC, 2>7<>6=>, ?@52>AE>4OI8E G5;>25G5AB2>. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">"5@2>5 ?@028;> 4;O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K -- ?>?KB:0 A15@5GL 2A5 G0AB8" (;L4> 5>?>;L4 - <EM>Sand County Almanac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face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG></STRONG><STRONG>@8=F8? 8. !>459AB2>20BL @07C<=><C C<5=LH5=8N =0A5;5=8O 5<;8. </STRONG> </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">;02=>9 ?@8G8=>9 @07@CH5=8O M:>A8AB5< 8 2K<8@0=8O 284>2 O2;O5BAO =5?><5@=K9 @>AB =0A5;5=8O 5<;8, :>B>@>5 C65 =0<=>3> ?@52KH05B M:>;>38G5A:8 4>?CAB8<K5 C@>2=8. 1I55 =0A5;5=85 5<;8 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O A>AB02;O5B 6.5 <;@4 G5;>25: 8 =5C<>;8<> C25;8G8205BAO =0 75 <;= 2 3>4. 064K9 4>?>;=8B5;L=K9 G5;>25:  MB> «?>;L7>20B5;L» >:@C60NI59 A@54K ?;0=5BK, :>B>@0O 87-70 5AB5AB25==KE >3@0=8G5=89 =5 <>65B =0:>@<8BL 2A5E 65;0NI8E. > 2A5E AB@0=0E 402;5=85 A> AB>@>=K =0A5;5=8O ?@>4>;605B ?>4@K20BL ?>;=>BC 8 35=5@0B82=K5 DC=:F88 =075<=KE, @5G=KE 8 <>@A:8E M:>A8AB5<. 0H0 G5;>25G5A:0O <>=>:C;LBC@0 =5?><5@=> @07@>A;0AL 8 C=8GB>605B ?>;8:C;LBC@C @8@>4K.  :064>9 AB@0=5 @>AB =0A5;5=8O 4>;65= >3@0=8G820BLAO @07C<=K<8 <5B>40<8.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 9. #<5=LH0BL ?>B@51;5=85 @5AC@A>2 5<;8.</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">;02=>9 C3@>7>9 @07=>>1@078N, :@0A>B5 8 CAB>9G82>AB8 -:>AD5@K O2;O5BAO ?>AB>O==> 2>7@0AB0NI55 8A?>;L7>20=85 @5AC@A>2 5<;8. "0:>5 ?@8A2>5=85 8 G@57<5@=>5 8E 8A?>;L7>20=85, G0AB> >?@024K205<K5 G@57<5@=K< @>AB>< =0A5;5=8O, :@045B 687=L C 4@C38E >@30=87<>2. -3>8AB8G5A:0O (0=B@>?>F5=B@8G5A:0O) B>G:0 7@5=8O 70:;NG0NI0OAO 2 B><, GB> ;N48 8<5NB ?@020 =0 8A?>;L7>20=85 2A5E :><?>=5=B M:>A8AB5<K  2>74CE0, 75<;8, 2>4K, >@30=87<>2  <>@0;L=> =5?@85<;5<0.  >B;8G85 @0AB5=89, <K, ;N48, "35B5@>B@>DK" (B.5. ?>B@51;O5< 2 ?8IC 4@C385 >@30=87<K) 8 2K=C645=K C1820BL, GB>1K ?8B0BLAO, >4520BLAO 8 =0E>48BL C1568I5, => MB> =8 2 :>59 <5@5 =5 405B =0< ?@020 @072>@>2K20BL 8 C=8GB>60BL ?@8@>4C. #A:>@ONI55AO ?>B@51;5=85 687=5==> 206=KE G0AB59 5<;8  ?@O<>9 ?CBL : @07@CH5=8N M:> - 8 18>@07=>>1@078O. >30BK5 AB@0=K, 2>>@C65==K5 <>I=K<8 B5E=>;>38O<8, -- 3;02=K5 28=>2=8:8 @073@01;5=8O ?@8@>4K; 8<5==> 2 MB8E AB@0=0E 2>7<>6=> C<5=LH5=85 ?>B@51;5=8O 8 ?5@540G0 87;8H:0 @5AC@A>2 154=K< AB@0=0<  =>, :>=5G=>, =8 >4=0 AB@0=0 =5 8450;L=0 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">45>;>38O ?>AB>O==>3> M:>=><8G5A:>3> @>AB0 4>;6=0 1KBL >AC645=0, 0 2<5AB5 A =59 8 ?>@>G=0O ?@><KH;5==0O 8 M:>=><8G5A:0O ?>;8B8:0. >;8B8:0, >A=>20==0O =0 «@545;0E @>AB0» <EM>(The Limits to Growth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mall is Beautiful</EM>).</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>@8=F8? 10. !>459AB2>20BL CAB0=>2;5=8N M:>F5=B@8G5A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20.</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">5>1E>48<> A>740BL B0:>5 M:>;>38G5A:>5 70:>=>40B5;LAB2>, :>B>@>5 ?@840AB ;530;L=K9 AB0BCA 687=5==> 206=K< AB@C:BC@0< 8 DC=:F8O< -:>AD5@K.  :064>9 AB@0=5 M:>;>38G5A:8 >B25BAB25==K5 ;N48 4>;6=K 8718@0BLAO 8;8 =07=0G0BLAO =0 @C:>2>4OI85 ?>ABK 2 ?@028B5;LAB25. "0:85 ?@54AB028B5;8 2 ?@028B5;LAB25 1C4CB 459AB2>20BL, :0: B>;L:> 2>7=8:=5B C3@>70 M:>A8AB5<0< 8;8 8E 206=K< DC=:F8O<. @>1;5<K 1C4CB @5H0BLAO =0 >A=>25 A>E@0=5=8O ?>;=>BK M:>A8AB5<, 0 =5 =0 >A=>25 M:>=><8G5A:>9 2K3>4K. !> 2@5<5=5< 2>7=8:=CB =>2K5 >@30=K 2 70:>=>40B5;LAB25, ?>;8B8:5 8 C?@02;5=88, 2>?;>I0NI85 M:>F5=B@8G5A:CN D8;>A>D8N 8 2=54@ONI85 M:>F5=B@8G5A:85 <5B>4K C?@02;5=8O. =54@5=85 MB8E <5B>4>2 1C45B ?@>8AE>48BL >1O70B5;L=> ?>AB5?5==> 8 @0ABO=5BAO =0 7=0G8B5;L=K9 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8, B.:. ?>B@51C5BAO ?@>25@8BL 8E =0 ?@0:B8:5 8 >15A?5G8BL =08;CGH89 A?>A>1 A>E@0=5=8O 206=59H8E ?@8@>4=KE G0AB59 5<;8.</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR><BR></FONT> <TABLE width="100%" border=1> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=top> <TD><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=+1><STRONG>5:>B>@K5 ?@54H5AB2CNI85 4>:C<5=BK</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">0==K9 0=8D5AB ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >1J548=ONICN D8;>A>D8N 4;O 1>;55 @0==8E M:>;>38G5A:8E/MB8G5A:8E ?@>5:B>2, :>B>@K5, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@58<CI5AB25==> 18>F5=B@8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@, ?>445@6820NB M:>F5=B@8G5A:85 ?@8=F8?K. @82545< B@8 ?@8<5@0: </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">a) ;0BD>@<0 3;C18==>9 M:>;>388 <STRONG>(Deep Ecology Platform)</STRONG> </STRONG>&lt;<A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/<http://www.deepecology.org/deepplatform.html>developed">http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/&lt;http://www.deepecology.org/deepplatform.html&gt;developed</A> @07@01>B0=0 2 1984 3. (A =51>;LH>9 @540:F859 2 2000 3.) @=5 0MAA>< 8 6>@465< !5H=A><. %>BO ?5@2K5 G5BK@5 ?@8=F8?0 ;0BD>@<K 8<5NB A:>@55 18>F5=B@8G5A:89, =565;8 M:>F5=B@8G5A:89, E0@0:B5@, 2865=85 70 ;C18==CN -:>;>38N ?>445@68205B B2>@G5AB2> 2A59 @8@>4K, F5==>ABL >@30=87<>2 8 ?@8@>4=KE M:>A8AB5< 2=5 7028A8<>AB8 >B 8E ?>;L7K 4;O G5;>25:0. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">b) %0@B8O 1J548=5==KE 0F89 70 @8@>4C <STRONG>(United Nations World Charter for Nature)</STRONG>&lt;<A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/<http://www.oceanlaw.net/texts/wcharter.htm>">http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/&lt;http://www.oceanlaw.net/texts/wcharter.htm&gt;</A> =0?8A0=0 2 1982 3. %>BO 2=0G0;5 C:07K205BAO, GB> 687=L 7028A8B >B 15A?5@51>9=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O ?@8@>4=KE A8AB5<, 40;55 45;05BAO 0:F5=B =0 B>, GB> ?>;L70 M:>A8AB5< 4;O G5;>25:0 4>;6=0 ;560BL 2 >A=>25 15@56=>3> >B=>H5=8O : 5<;5. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">c) %0@B8O 5<;8 <STRONG>(Earth Charter)</STRONG> &lt;<A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/(<http://www.earthcharter.org>)">http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/(&lt;http://www.earthcharter.org&gt;)</A> 2KH;0 2 <0@B5, 2000 3. , 206=K9 M:>;>38G5A:89 4>:C<5=B. 5@2K5 420 ?@8=F8?0 -- "#2060BL 8 701>B8BLAO > !>>1I5AB20E 87=8" 8 "-:>;>38G5A:0O ?>;=>B0"  AB>OB 2?5@548 >G5284=KE G5;>25G5A:8E F5;59 8 2K7K20NB 5AB5AB25==CN ?>445@6:C. %0@B8O =0?@02;5=0 =0 ?>445@60=85 18>@07=>>1@078O 8 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 284>2, =0E>4OI8EAO =0 3@0=8 2K<8@0=8O, =0 70I8BC 5<;8 8 55 M:>A8AB5<.  =0H5< 0=8D5AB5 <K 45;05< 0:F5=B =0 ?@5645 2A53> =0 3;02=K5 F5==>AB8 5<;8. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT><STRONG>@8=F8? 11. 0A?@>AB@0=OBL MB> ?>A;0=85.</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">"5, :B> A>3;0A5= A ?@82545==K<8 2KH5 @8=F8?0<8, >1O7CNBAO @0A?@>AB@0=OBL MB> ?>A;0=85 ?CB5< >1@07>20B5;L=KE :><?0=89 8 >1I5AB25==KE 0:F89. 5@20O =5>B;>6=0O 7040G0  ?@>1C48BL A>7=0=85 2A5E ;N459 8 ?>:070BL 8E DC=:F8>=0;L=CN 7028A8<>ABL >B M:>A8AB5< 5<;8, 0 B0:65 8E A2O7L A 4@C38<8 18>;>38G5A:8<8 2840<8. >A;5 MB>3> A>7=0=85 4>;6=> ?5@5<5AB8BLAO A 0=B@>?>F5=B@87<0 =0 M:>F5=B@87<, GB> >15A?5G8B MB8G5A:89 :>=B@>;L ;N1KE G5;>25G5A:8E =0G8=0=89. "0:>9 A4283 2 A>7=0=88 C:065B =0 B>, GBó =5>1E>48<> A45;0BL 4;O C:@5?;5=8O M2>;NF8>==>3> ?>B5=F80;0 -:>AD5@K.  8<5==>, C:065B =0 =5>1E>48<>ABL CG0AB8O 2 @01>B5 2A5E A>>1I5AB2 5<;8, =0 @>;L :064>3> 87 =0A 2 ?>445@60=88 C4828B5;L=>9 M:>;>38G5A:>9 @50;L=>AB8. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman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face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>;03>40@=>ABL</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <P><FONT face="Times New Roman">K 1;03>40@8< A;54CNI8E ;N459 70 :@8B8G5A:85 2KA:07K20=8O 8 :><<5=B0@89 2 >B=>H5=88 ?@54K4CI8E 20@80=B>2 0=8D5AB0: 0=C #09BC, >=C 533C, (59;5 "><?A>=, !BM=C -@@5BC, >20@4C ;8DD>@4C, ">=8 0AA8;AC, 0@:C !0=5@C, !B82C C@BFC 8 C3C C40@4C 87 =B0@8>; 8H5;L '5@G 87 0=8B>1K; >=C 5@@C 8 -;8 >@=AB59=C 87 !0A:0G520=0; M284C @B>=C 87 >2>9 (>B;0=488; ;0=C @5=3A>=C, >1C 0@@830@C 8 >15@BC %0@@8=3B>=C 87 @8B0=A:>9 >;C<188; MB8 8?;8 87 ;L15@BK; %>;<AC >;AB>=C III 87 >;>@04o; M284C >B5=15@3C 87 0AA0GCA5BBA0; 5@B>=C 0@=AC 87 8G830=0; >;C >A:28=C 87 !52. 0@>;8=K; -420@4C >;4A<8BC, 0B@8:C M@@8 8 !M=48 @28=C 87 5;8:>1@8B0=88, 8 @8M;L !0;;5E 87 2AB@0;88. E ?><>IL =5 >7=0G05B, >4=0:>, GB> >=8 ?>;=>ABLN @0745;ONB ?>;>65=8O 0=8D5AB0, 70 :>B>@K9 02B>@K =5ACB ?>;=CN >B25BAB25==>ABL. </FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <HR width="100%" SIZE=2> <FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> <CENTER><FONT face="Times New Roman"><A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/index.html"><IMG height=34 src="logo34x34.jpg" width=34 align=ABSCENTER border=0></A><A href="http://www.ecospherics.net/index.html"> Other Ecocentric Texts</A> </FONT></CENTER></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></CENTER></BODY></HTML>